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Pulse Oxymeter in LabVIEW
Synek, Josef ; Chmelař, Milan (referee) ; Čmiel, Vratislav (advisor)
One of the most important vital functions of the human body is providing sufficient oxygen to all its parts. Oxygen in the blood binds to hemoglobin and it is transported to tissues. Oxymetry is non-invasive method for measuring the amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin. Oxygenated hemoglobin and deoxygenated have different absorption characteristics for light of different wavelengths. Therefore, pulse oxymetry transmits tissue with red and infrared light. Signal passing through the tissue is affected by the absorption properties of hemoglobin and heart pulse. These signals are measured and the ratio of their size allows us to calculate blood oxygen saturation.
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Heart rate measurement using pulse oximetry on unconventional parts of the human body
Varmužová, Zdeňka ; Mrnka, Michal (referee) ; Cupal, Miroslav (advisor)
This study deals with the method of measuring heart rate using pulse oximetry. It describes the basic principles of this method for determining both heart rate and blood oxygenation. It examines the possibilities of placing the sensor on non-standard places of the human body. It also discusses the possible shortcomings of the method as well as the inaccuracies of measurements in certain places on the body and the possibilities of mounting the sensor and the use of the product in ordinary life. Later it presents the design for the heart rate measuring device used on the selected body part, that is forehead, and compares it with commercialy available products.
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Biometric System Performance Testing - Vein Technology
Pandoščák, Michal ; Drahanský, Martin (referee) ; Orság, Filip (advisor)
This thesis aims at performance testing of a biometric device based on a vein recognition technology. Basic principles of this technology are briefly described. PalmSecure device was tested to illustrate the principle of the vein pattern scanning. Preformance tests and tests to fool the device were carried out. Finally, based on all acquired information a prototype of a palm vein pattern scanner was designed.
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Hemoglobin-mediated oxidation of marine liposomes
Škrabalová, Lada ; Mozuraityte, Revilija (referee) ; Rustad, Turid (advisor)
Cílem této práce bylo studium mechanismu oxidace lipidů katalyzované hovězím methemoglobinem a zhodnocení účinků různých experimentálních podmínek a antioxidantů (EDTA, askorbová kyselina, kávová kyselina, a-tokoferol, d-tokoferol, astaxanthin a L-askorbyl-6-palmitát) na methemoglobinem zprostředkovanou oxidaci lipidů v modelovém systému liposomů připravených z fosfolipidů. K monitorování oxidace lipidů při pH 5,5 a teplotě 30 °C bylo použito spotřeby kyslíku. Pro zhodnocení antioxidační aktivity v modelovém systému liposomů se ukázaly být důležitými faktory typ prooxidantu a koncentrace prooxidantu a antioxidantu. Dalšími důležitými faktory jsou struktura molekuly antioxidantu, jeho hydrofilita/lipofilita a umístění v systému. Všechny testované antioxidanty ve všech koncentracích (kromě koncentrace 0.1 % astaxanthinu and 0.1 % askorbyl palmitátu) inhibovaly oxidaci vyvolanou methemoglobinem. Účinnost antioxidantu stoupala s jeho zvyšující se koncentrací. Koncentrace 0.1 % astaxanthinu neměla žádný vliv na oxidaci liposomů. Koncentrace 0.1 % askorbyl palmitátu měla prooxidační efekt, který lze vysvětlit prooxidačním působením radikálu askorbylu, který může urychlit štěpení hydroperoxidů. Volné železo uvolněné z methemoglobinu se podílelo jen velmi málo na oxidaci liposomů, zatímco část prooxidační aktivity methemoglobinu byla přisouzena tvorbě singletového kyslíku (methemoglobin jako fotosenzitizátor). Antioxidační aktivita astaxanthinu, askorbyl palmitátu a tokoferolu byla z části přisouzena schopnosti zhášet singletový kyslík. Ovšem hlavním prooxidačním mechanismem methemoglobinu se ukázal být rozklad lipidových hydroperoxidů, tvorba volných radikálů a hypervalentních forem hemoglobinu. EDTA utlumila oxidaci liposomů díky chelataci přechodných kovů obsažených v liposomech a chelataci volného železa přítomného v methemoglobinovém roztoku. Velmi důležitým antioxidačním mechanismem (který vykazují askorbyl palmitát, askorbová a kávová kyselina) se ukázala být redukce hypervalentních forem hemoglobinu. Askorbová kyselina, kávová kyselina, tokoferoly a astaxanthin inhibovaly methemoglobinem zprostředkovanou oxidaci lipidů odstraňováním volných radikálů. Při použití peroxidu vodíku nebyl pozorován žádný vliv na oxidaci liposomů vyvolanou methemoglobinem. Působení vysoké teploty (tepelná denaturace) mírně utlumilo oxidaci. Významná inhibice oxidace byla pozorována u liposomů obsahujících TPP (triphenylphosphin), což značí, že je methemoglobinem vyvolaná oxidace liposomů závislá na přítomnosti již vzniklých lipidových peroxidů. Výsledky této práce přispívají k hlubšímu pochopení prooxidačních a antioxidačních mechanismů a faktorů, které ovlivňují oxidaci liposomálních roztoků, buněčných membrán a emulzí typu olej ve vodě stabilizovaných fosfolipidy.
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Differential Diagnostics of Anaemias from the Morphological Point of View
KLIMENTOVÁ, Michaela
Anaemia is considered to be a worldwide disease and it remains to be a topical one. This thesis tries to stress the importance of correct diagnosis of anaemia, without which correct and effective treatment cannot be adjusted. Although the number of people with anaemia is increasing, a large proportion are unaware of their disease, have not been diagnosed with it and therefore do not treat it. To diagnose anaemia is not difficult, however, differential diagnosis is the key to diagnose it correctly. A great contribution to the differential diagnosis is the description of erythrocyte indices that can be used to determine the exact type of anaemia and their subsequent use in differential diagnosis. The main objective of this bachelor thesis, entitled "Morphological Differential Diagnosis of Anaemia", is the statistical evaluation of the incidence of different types of anaemia, differentiated based on the erythrocyte morphology. Within the practical part of the thesis, blood counts were analysed on an automatic haematology analyser and then the data from the examinations were statistically processed. Excel was used to process all the data. The results of the statistical processing were entered into tables and graphs. Before the statistical processing, 3 hypotheses were defined and tested using a chi-square test which resulted in a level of significance (p). For all three hypotheses, the resulting level of significance was <5%, meaning that all null hypotheses were rejected and in all cases the alternative hypothesis was accepted. Surprisingly, macrocytic anaemia was more frequent than microcytic anaemia in the dataset (20 % of all types of anaemia versus 10 %), but as expected, hypochromic anaemia was more frequent than hyperchromic anaemia (17.39 % of all types of anaemia versus 5.65 %). Normocytic normochromic anaemia was the most represented anaemia in the dataset (62.61 % of types of anaemia). The results obtained from this study may be used for research purposes or as a source of information.
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Microcytic anemia, a survey of the prevalence of these diseases and of the prevalence of patients with limit values for these diseases
HAJDUCHOVÁ, Kateřina
This bachelor thesis is focused on anemia and the theoretical and practical analysis of microcytic anemias and their mechanisms. Anemia is the most widespread blood disorder. This disease affects nearly 30 % of the whole world. The theoretical part concerning microcytic anemias further analyzes three most typical microcytic disorders, iron deficiency anemia, anemia of chronic disease and thalasemia. Iron deficiency anemia is the most common, from these anemias and in the whole world. Anemias of chronic disease are detected in patients with a serious primary illness, in other words this anemia is a secondary illness. Thalasemia is not as widespread and it is less detected in patients. It is an genetical disorder of the structural composition of hemoglobin. The theoretical part also includes a section on iron metabolism and a chapter on haemoglobin. The practical part was prepared at the haematology laboratory of the Hořovice Hospital using the Allinity hq blood analyser from Abbott. In addition to the classical processing of samples on the analyzer, blood smears were created to assess the difference between a healthy individual and an individual with pathological erythrocyte changes. The number of analyzed samples was 271 and from that 31 % of the samples showed signs of anemia. These samples were predominantly from women, almost 65 %. The most represented type of anaemia, in terms of MCV, was normocytic anaemia. Microcytic anemias were evident in almost one-fifth of the anemic samples. There was a preponderance of hypochromic probands in the samples in which microcytic anemia was demonstrated. The blood smear values were supplemented with iron, transferrin and ferritin values from the biochemistry laboratory. Unfortunately, the number of these samples was not sufficient for further diagnostic evaluation.
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Temporarily excluded whole blood donors at the collection center of the Hematology-Transfusion Department in Jihlava Hospital
CAHOVÁ, Barbora
This bachelor thesis is focused on the topic of Temporarily excluded whole blood donors at the collection center of the Hematology and Transfusion Department in the Jihlava Hospital. The theoretical part of the work generally deals with blood donation according to applicable regulations and recommendations. This section describes the criteria for donation, the course of blood donation, self-exclusion, the production of transfusion products, the donor registry, the valuation of blood donors and the risks associated with donation. The methodology of the work included measuring the blood count of donors. At the collection center in Jihlava, the result of the blood count is one of the donor's pre-collection examinations. The blood count of donors is measured on a Sysmex XN 1000 analyzer. The values of hemoglobin, leukocytes and platelets are especially important. The main goal of the bachelor thesis was to find out the reasons for the temporary exclusion of whole blood donors at the collection center in Jihlava. The practical part was developed on the basis of data from the information systems HEMO and TIS. The reasons for the temporary exclusion were evaluated for the period 2000-2020. Another goal of the work was to find out how donors are informed at the collection center. Part of the practical part was a questionnaire for blood donors, which served to verify the most common reasons for temporary exclusion. The second part of the questionnaire was about the awareness and satisfaction of donors at the collection center. According to the results of the work, donors are most often temporarily excluded due to low levels of hemoglobin (red dye). It is also obvious that women are more often excluded than men. According to the donors, the awareness at the collection center in Jihlava is very good, which follows from the results of the questionnaire. In some cases, the increased awareness can contribute to reducing the number of temporarily rejected blood donors.
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Heart rate measurement using pulse oximetry on unconventional parts of the human body
Varmužová, Zdeňka ; Mrnka, Michal (referee) ; Cupal, Miroslav (advisor)
This study deals with the method of measuring heart rate using pulse oximetry. It describes the basic principles of this method for determining both heart rate and blood oxygenation. It examines the possibilities of placing the sensor on non-standard places of the human body. It also discusses the possible shortcomings of the method as well as the inaccuracies of measurements in certain places on the body and the possibilities of mounting the sensor and the use of the product in ordinary life. Later it presents the design for the heart rate measuring device used on the selected body part, that is forehead, and compares it with commercialy available products.
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Oxidative and carbonyl stress in kidney diseases
Kratochvílová, Markéta ; Tesař, Vladimír (advisor) ; Průša, Richard (referee) ; Zadražil, Josef (referee)
Aims: 1. Determination of AGEs (Advanced Glycation End products) in patients with various types of nephropathy. 2. Association AGEs with nutritional parameters and anemia. 3. Influence of renal parameters on sRAGE (soluble form of Receptor for Advanced Glycation End products) levels. 4. Technics and proceeding methods of the podocytes cultivation. 5. Determination of urine podocytes. Methods: We determined fluorescent AGEs by spectrofluorometry, sRAGE by Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA). Podocytes were passaged and identified immunocytochemically. Podocytes in urine were specified by flow cytometry method. Results: 1. We did not find significant differences in AGEs serum levels among various types of nephropathy, even though the pathogenesis differs. 2. The albumin and prealbumin levels positively and haemoglobin levels negatively correlate with AGEs in patients with CKD grade 1-5, without necessity of dialysis. 3. Serum sRAGE levels are increased in patients with decreased renal function independently on the course of renal disease. 4. We implemented the methods and technics of podocyte cultivation. 5. Urine podocytes observation and confirmation that podocyturia relates to disease activity. Conclusion: We confirmed that AGEs serum levels depend more on renal function than the type of...
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